the lost citys

موضوع: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:41 pm

[b]Ubar -- The Lost City

From ancient accounts, the basis for Ubar's existence was frankincense, a sweet smelling incense then as valuable as gold. It was used as a fragrance, for medicinal purposes, and for embalming. The frankincense was prepared from the gum or sap of trees grown in the nearby Qara mountains. From there it was transported by camel caravan to the world centers of Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and beyond to the western Mediterranean. Ubar became enormously rich from this trade in frankincense. What started as a small town around an oasis became a walled city of great renown.

Then, according to legend, great wickedness flourished in Ubar, and the Almighty Allah destroyed the fortress city and blotted out the roads that led to it. Ubar was lost for thousands of years, perhaps buried under the shifting sands of the desert of the Arabian peninsula. T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) called it the "Atlantis of the sands," but he died before he could lead his own expedition to find it. Many archaeologists believed that the existence of a prosperous trading center was much more than a fable told by nomadic tribesmen, but all searches for Ubar came up empty.

Looking for Ubar

The question with Ubar was where exactly to look. It was thought to be in or near the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), a great sand sea in the southern Arabian Peninsula. This very arid area is roughly the size of Texas with sand dunes over 600 feet high. Searching such a vast area was a considerable challenge.

In the early 1980s a Los Angeles filmmaker and archaeological enthusiast named Nicholas Clapp began researching the history of Ubar and planning an archaeological expedition. George Hedges, an attorney, provided the organizational expertise and carried out most of the logistics. Clapp used ancient maps, literature, and records to arrive at a general location for Ubar in southern Oman. This was still a dauntingly large area to search.

موضوع: رد: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:42 pm

Remote Sensing to the Rescue

Clapp decided to enlist NASA's help because of its expertise in applying remote sensing. He contacted Dr. Ronald Blom of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for help. Data from an experiment on the NASA space shuttle using imaging radar was of particular interest. This experiment bounced radar off the Earth's surface to determine the type of terrain. Since the radar penetrated through dry sand, they thought the remains of a buried fortress might be revealed.
The initial radar images yielded no direct indication of the location of the site, but images from the Landsat and SPOT remote sensing satellites showed distinct tracks through the desert. The researchers identified these tracks as old caravan routes. The caravan routes converged at a place called Ash Shisr, near the eastern edge of the Empty Quarter.

Two expeditions to Oman were mounted; one in 1990 and one in 1991. The expedition team included Nicholas Clapp, Dr. Ronald Blom, archaeologist Dr. Juris Zarins, and British explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes, who had been on previous Ubar searches. The team investigated the area around Ash Shisr, and soon an archaeological excavation began.

موضوع: رد: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:42 pm

Excavations

The excavations uncovered a large octagonal fortress with thick walls ten feet high and eight tall towers at the corners. The archaeologists also found Greek, Roman, and Syrian pottery, the oldest of which was dated at more than 4,000 years old. The discovery of these types of artifacts from far away places indicated that this was indeed a major center for trade and likely the fabled Ubar.

One startling result of the excavation was that it appears that Ubar did meet with a catastrophic end, as many of the legends describe. The excavation revealed a giant limestone cavern beneath the fortress. The scientists believe that Ubar may have been destroyed when a large portion of it collapsed into the cavern.
There is still much to be discovered at the site and many questions remain. What is certain is that Mr. Clapp and his team took ancient stories and modern technology and from them wrung a significant archaeological discovery.

موضوع: رد: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:43 pm

The Technology Behind the Search

The search for Ubar is a good example of how remote sensing can be used with a more traditional discipline like archaeology. Radar imaging is one of the most important types of remote sensing in arid regions and it is has seen wide application in archaeology. In the search for Ubar, however, the limited coverage provided by the space shuttle-based imaging radar necessitated the use of other remotely sensed data.
Landsat imagery played a very important role in the search for Ubar. Using a sensor known as the Thematic Mapper, Landsat produced images that the team could use to identify features like surface tracks. Landsat imagery covers a large area in a single scene, over 30,000 square kilometers, allowing the team to analyze vast portions of the desert at one time.
Data from the French satellite known as SPOT were also used. The SPOT data provide the most detailed, or highest resolution, images available to the team.
The researchers used these and other data in their search. Sophisticated image processing techniques were used to highlight the important features. Data from different sources were combined to yield more clues. The result was that the expedition was able to exclude large regions of the desert from consideration, and narrow the search to the most promising sites.

موضوع: رد: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:43 pm

Acknowledgments

The Observatorium wishes to thank Dr. Ronald Blom and Dr. Juris Zarins for their assistance in the development of this exhibit. Dr. Blom was the lead remote sensing expert for the expedition. Dr. Zarins was the chief archaeologist.
The photographs used on the Excavations page are courtesy of Dr. Juris Zarins.
The Landsat image of the Ubar site on the Remote Sensing to the Rescue page was provided by Dr. Ron Blom.
All other images were developed by the graphics staff of the Observatorium.

موضوع: رد: the lost citys الأحد ديسمبر 30, 2007 11:44 pm

More Info at Other WWW Sites

Check out these resources to learn more about remote sensing and archaeology.

At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory you can find the Imaging Radar Homepage, which includes radar images of Ubar.
<A href="http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/">http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/
http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/imagemaps/html/srl-ubar.html

GIS and Remote Sensing for Archaeology: Burgundy, France, describes the use of remote sensing technology in a French archaeological project.
http://deathstar.rutgers.edu/projects/france/france.html

The Wroexeter Hinterland Project is an excellent example of an archaeological survey project using aerial photography and GIS tools.
http://www.bufau.bham.ac.uk/newsite/home.htm

Blasting the Past! describes the use of sound waves to see buried dinosaur bones and archaeological ruins.
http://www.ornl.gov/ornl94/blasting.html

Wesleyan University maintains an extensive list of Resources for Classical Studies on the WWW with references on archaeology and anthropology.
http://www.wesleyan.edu/classics/resource.html

The University of Connecticut's ArchNet is a comprehensive source for archaeology information on the Internet, including specific information on the archaeology of the Near East.
http://archnet.uconn.edu/
http://archnet.uconn.edu/regions/near.php3